Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) is an anthelmintic with a broad-spectrum activity, widely used in human and veterinary medicine. ABZ is metabolized in all mammalian species to albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO), albendazole sulfone (ABZSO(2)) and albendazole 2-aminosulphone (ABZSO(2)-NH(2)). ABZSO and ABZSO(2) are the main metabolites detected in plasma and all three are detected in milk. The ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) is an efflux transporter that is involved in the active secretion of several compounds into milk. Previous studies have reported that ABZSO was in vitro transported by ABCG2. The aim of this work is to correlate the in vitro interaction between ABCG2 and the other ABZ metabolites with their secretion into milk by this transporter. Using in vitro transepithelial assays with cells transduced with murine Abcg2 and human ABCG2, we show that ABZSO(2) and ABZSO(2)-NH(2) are in vitro substrates of both. In vivo assays carried out with wild-type and Abcg2(-/-) lactating female mice demonstrated that secretion into milk of these ABZ metabolites was mediated by Abcg2. Milk concentrations and milk-to-plasma ratio were higher in wild-type compared to Abcg2(-/-) mice for all the metabolites tested. We conclude that ABZ metabolites are undoubtedly in vitro substrates of ABCG2 and actively secreted into milk by ABCG2.