Abstract
(-)-trans-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in the Cannabis sativa plant. Δ(9)-THC undergoes extensive metabolism, with the main human phase I metabolites being 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Early animal studies have indicated that the 9-10 double bond may be reduced in vivo to yield 11-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol (11-OH-HHC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-hexahydrocannabinol (HHC-COOH). These metabolites have not been confirmed in humans. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this metabolic transformation occurs in humans. A range of cannabinoids and metabolites, including 11-OH-HHC and HHC-COOH, were measured in whole blood from 308 authentic forensic traffic cases, of which 222 were positive for Δ(9)-THC. HHC-COOH and 11-OH-HHC were detected in 84% and 15% of the Δ(9)-THC positive cases, respectively, and the estimated median concentration of HHC-COOH was 7%, relative to that of THC-COOH. To corroborate the in vivo findings, Δ(9)-THC and its metabolites 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH were incubated with pooled human liver microsomes. HHC-COOH was detected in both the Δ(9)-THC and 11-OH-THC incubations, while 11-OH-HHC was only detectable in the 11-OH-THC incubation. Hexahydrocannabinol was not detected in any of the incubations, indicating that it is 11-OH-THC or the corresponding aldehyde that undergoes double bond reduction with subsequent oxidation of the aliphatic alcohol to HHC-COOH. In summary, the presented data provide the first evidence of HHC-COOH and 11-OH-HHC being human phase I metabolites of Δ(9)-THC. These findings have implications for interpretation of analytical results from subjects exposed to Δ(9)-THC or HHC.