Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are commonly used in plastic consumer products and food packaging, with growing evidence suggesting that they have a potential role in obesity. This study aimed to investigate the association between urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and both general and abdominal obesity among adult males in Spain. METHODS: We analysed data from 1124 male participants of the Aragon Workers' Health Study (AWHS) collected between 2011 and 2014 in Zaragoza, Spain. Eleven urinary phthalate metabolites were measured and adjusted for creatinine levels. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between phthalate exposure and general and abdominal obesity, controlling for dietary and lifestyle factors. Dose-response relationships were explored using restricted cubic spline models. RESULTS: Higher urinary concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) and two of its metabolites-mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP)-were significantly associated with general obesity. The adjusted odds ratios were: ∑DEHP [OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.58], MEOHP [OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.53], and MEHHP [OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.55]. In contrast, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) was inversely associated with abdominal obesity [OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.93]. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a positive association between exposure to DEHP and its metabolites and general obesity. This highlights the potential importance of environmental exposures as modifiable factors in obesity prevention and supports the need for further investigation in nutritional and public health contexts.