Abstract
Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic for sedation during surgery. This drug is reported to exhibit nonanaesthetic immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we investigated the impact of topical propofol delivery with the aim of mitigating psoriatic inflammation. The antipsoriatic potency of propofol was evaluated in a cell-based study in which keratinocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils were used as models. A significant reduction in the proinflammatory effectors interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and CXC motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)1 was found in activated keratinocytes (HaCaT) treated with propofol. This reduction could enable baseline control. Immunoblotting suggested that the antioxidant enzymes nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)2 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 were involved in the protective effect of propofol on keratinocyte stimulation. The increase in Nrf2 and HO-1 was mediated by kelch-like ECH-associated protein (KEAP)1 downregulation. Propofol presented scavenging activity and decreased 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) by 47%. The downregulation of cytokines/chemokines in activated macrophages (differentiated THP-1) and mouse neutrophils was also found after propofol treatment. Macrophage migration triggered by the conditioned medium of activated keratinocytes could be blocked with the intervention of propofol. The absorption level of propofol (3 mM) into intact pig skin was 1.2 nmol/mg. Skin deposition was increased to 3.7 nmol/mg after SC lipid removal to mimic psoriasiform skin. In silico molecular docking demonstrated the facile interaction of propofol with ceramides in the stratum corneum (SC). The treatment of imiquimod (IMQ)-sensitized mice with topical propofol suppressed erythema, acanthosis, and macrophage/neutrophil infiltration. Propofol also dramatically decreased cytokine/chemokine levels and epidermal thickness in the lesion. In summary, propofol exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to treat psoriasiform lesions. Topical propofol delivery is useful as an ideal route to accomplish antipsoriatic therapy and avoid systemic effects.