Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are more likely to present with severe symptoms than those with ischemic stroke (IS); however, the way in which long-term outcomes differ between groups is less clear. Given that the tissue surrounding ICH is not always irreversibly infarcted, it may have the potential to recover more fully over time. Understanding the differences in expected outcome severity is critical in order to prognosticate and to determine appropriate outcome measures when designing clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used our prospectively collected stroke registry to identify and follow a cohort of 300 patients with ICH and 300 patients with IS, matched by age, sex, lesion size, location, and admission date. Paired t-tests were used to compare modified Rankin Scores (mRS) between groups at hospital discharge, 90-day, and >12-month follow-up time points. RESULTS: Not surprisingly, patients with ICH had worse discharge mRS scores compared to individuals with IS (4.20 (SD 0.09) versus 3.42 (SD 0.08)). However, rather than improving, the long-term outcomes remained significantly worse for ICH patients compared to their IS matches (4.02 (SD 0.15) versus 2.89 (SD 0.14) at 90 days, and 4.32 (SD 0.20) versus 3.16 (SD 0.22) at >12 months (p < 0.001 for all analyses)). CONCLUSIONS: This study longitudinally followed matched cohorts of patients with ICH and IS, confirming that outcomes for those with ICH remain significantly worse over time. Results allow for better long-term prognostication, illustrate the need for further intervention trials to improve outcomes, and inform the development of evidence-based endpoints.