Abstract
Background: In reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), the neck-shaft angle (NSA) has trended downward from 155° to 135° to reduce scapular notching, but concerns about instability persist. To assess superior-lateral stability, we developed the intraoperative two-hand lever test (2HLT). The primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2HLT, analyze the learning curve in this first study reporting on the new Perform stem, and compare the liner characteristics of 155° and 135° systems. Methods: In a single-surgeon learning curve study, 81 RSA procedures with the new Perform stem (Stryker) were included. The outcomes included the 2HLT test applied in 65 cases, early dislocations, stem alignment, stem length, liner type/thickness, and complications. The early dislocation rate was compared to 167 prior Ascend Flex RSA procedures (Stryker). The liner characteristics of three 135° systems (Perform/Stryker, Univers/Arthrex, and Altivate/Enovis) were compared to traditional 155° Grammont systems (Delta Xtend/DePuy, Affinis Metal/Mathys, SMR 150/Lima, and Aequalis Reversed/Stryker), focusing on jump height (JH) and the liner stability ratio (LSR). Results: In 63% (31/49) of the cases, the 2HLT detected superior-lateral instability, necessitating a retentive 135° liner. The early dislocation rate in the Perform cohort was 4.9% (0% for retentive liners, 8% for standard liners) versus 0% in the Ascend Flex cohort. The mean effective NSA was 133° (127-144°) for short Perform stems and 135° (129-143°) for long stems. Long Perform stems significantly reduced varus outlier density below 132° and 130° (p = 0.006, 0.002). The 36 mm Perform 135° standard liner has a JH of 8.1 mm and an LSR of 152%, markedly lower than the Altivate (10.0 mm/202%) and Univers (9.7 mm/193%) and similar to traditional 155° Grammont liners (8.1-8.9 mm/147-152%). Perform retentive liners have LSR values of 185-219%, comparable to the established 135° design standard liners (195-202%). In the Perform cohort, early complications included four superior-lateral dislocations (all standard liners, LSR 147-152%) requiring four revisions. Conclusions: Perform standard liners have a lower LSR than the established 135° designs. Retentive Perform liners (LSR > 184%) are comparable to standard liners of established 135° designs and effectively mitigate instability. We recommend discontinuing non-retentive Perform standard liners (NSA 135°, LSR < 158%) due to the 63% superior-lateral instability rate detected with the novel 2HLT, necessitating retentive liners, the documented LSR-NSA implant mismatch, and an early clinical dislocation rate of up to 8%.