Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic components such as polysaccharides and triterpenoids. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and molecular effects of ethanol and methanol extracts of G. lucidum as well as doxorubicin on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay. The methanol extract showed stronger cytotoxicity (IC(50): 62.37 µg/mL) than the ethanol extract, while doxorubicin exhibited an IC(50) value of 0.66 mM. Phenolic profiling by HPLC revealed high levels of vanillic acid, gallic acid and (-)-epicatechin in the methanol extract, while volatile compounds such as hexanal and acetic acid were identified by GC-MS. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and an increase in early and late apoptotic populations. Gene expression studies using RT-qPCR showed significant downregulation of ACAT1, ADCY3, and NME2, key regulators of energy metabolism and epigenetic modification. On the other hand, doxorubicin treatment upregulated ACAT1 and ADCY3, while a slight downregulation was observed in NME2. These molecular changes suggest that G. lucidum induces apoptosis and impairs cancer cell proliferation through metabolic disruption and gene modulation.