Abstract
INTRODUCTION: SPI-62 is a small-molecule 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD-1) inhibitor exhibiting complicated nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) in human. Previously, we developed a target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model to characterize the substantial nonlinear PK of SPI-62. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current analysis was to perform population PK/PD analysis to further link SPI-62 exposure (i.e., PK) with its response (i.e., inhibition of hepatic HSD-1 activity) to gain a quantitative understanding of the SPI-62 dose-exposure-response relationship. METHODS: PK and PD data from the first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials, including single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) studies, were used for model development. During the model development process, the final model selection was based on biological and physiological plausibility, goodness-of-fit plots, stability of parameter estimates, and objective function value. The nonlinear-mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) software was used for both the implementation of the PK/PD model and model simulation. SPI-62 plasma levels and hepatic HSD-1 inhibition over time following various dose regimens were simulated. RESULTS: The final model was a two-compartment TMDD model component for SPI-62 and an inhibitory I(max) model component for hepatic HSD-1 activity. The TMDD-hepatic PD model that we established adequately characterized all remarkable PK and PD behaviors of SPI-62, such as extremely low plasma exposures following the first low doses, nonlinear PK turned into linear PK after repeated low doses, and substantial and long-lasting hepatic HSD-1 inhibition following low doses. SPI-62 was estimated to bind to the target with a second-order association rate constant (K(on)) of 8.43 nM(-1) h(-1) and first-order dissociation rate constant (K(off)) value of 0.229 h(-1), indicating that SPI-62 binds rapidly to, and dissociates slowly from, its pharmacological target. The estimated target capacity (R(tot)) of 5460 nmol corresponds to approximately 2.2 mg of SPI-62, which comports well with the dose range in which PK nonlinearity is prominent. Model simulation results reveal that a 6 mg once-daily regimen can lead to long-lasting and substantial hepatic HSD-1 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: A population TMDD-PD model that explains SPI-62 nonlinear PK and hepatic HSD-1 inhibition following different dose regimens in healthy adults was successfully established. Our simulation results provide a solid foundation for model-informed development of SPI-62.