Abstract
Pterostilbene, a natural stilbene compound present in blueberries and several medicinal plants, has been increasingly studied for its ability to influence gut microbiota composition across different disease contexts. In a variety of animal and cell-based models, researchers have observed notable shifts in microbial profiles following pterostilbene supplementation. These changes are thought to be, at least in part, responsible for the compound's health-promoting properties, especially in relation to disease prevention and immune regulation. Despite these findings, no in-depth review has yet compiled the specific bacterial taxa most consistently affected by pterostilbene, nor analyzed the broader physiological significance of such changes. In this narrative review, we aim to address that gap by synthesizing current knowledge on the gut microbiota-modulating effects of pterostilbene. Particular focus is placed on beneficial genera that are frequently enriched, such as Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia, and Lactobacillus. These microbes are often associated with key functions like intestinal barrier support, immune homeostasis, and the production of short-chain fatty acids. By linking microbial alterations to potential host benefits, we hope this review will inform future studies that explore pterostilbene as a microbiota-targeted therapeutic agent. Moreover, considering that this compound is found in many herbal medicines, our discussion may also offer valuable insights for research at the intersection of microbiome science and traditional medicine.