Abstract
Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive and neuroendocrine functions, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on the hypothalamus remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the transcriptional and behavioral changes induced by ovariectomy (OVX) and estradiol (E2) supplementation in female C57BL/6J mice. RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across control (CK), E2, OVX, and OVX+E2 groups, followed by functional enrichment and pathway analyses. Behavioral assessments, including open field, Y-maze, and elevated plus maze tests, were conducted to evaluate anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors. Results revealed significant alterations in GnRH signaling, neurotransmission, and inflammatory pathways, with key genes such as Elk1, Prkcb, and Camk2a differentially expressed in response to estrogen modulation. OVX-induced neuroendocrine disruptions were partially reversed by E2 treatment, as evidenced by transcriptomic and behavioral outcomes. Pearson correlation analysis further linked gene expression patterns with phenotypic traits, providing insights into estrogen's regulatory mechanisms in the hypothalamus. These findings enhance our understanding of estrogen-mediated neuroendocrine regulation and may have implications for hormone replacement therapies in postmenopausal disorders.