Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the risk factors for intrauterine device (IUD) embedment in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A total of 731 women who underwent hysteroscopy for IUD removal from January 2019 to December 2021 were included in the trial, of whom 301 were diagnosed with IUD embedment (embedded group) and 430 had a normal IUD location (control group). The following data were collected from electronic medical records: demographic traits, ultrasound findings, IUD shapes, uterine features, and hysteroscopy findings. Bivariate contingency analysis and multiple logistic regression were performed to identify the significant independent variables that affect IUD embedment. RESULTS: Prior IUD removal failure (14.3% vs 5.1%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.29; 95% CI, 1.90-5.71) and V-shaped IUD (18.9% vs 10.7%; aOR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.33-3.16) were risk factors that were independently linked with IUD embedment. Uterine volume (22.7 [20.9-24.5] cm 3 vs 27.9 [24.8-30.9] cm 3 ; aOR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.982-0.999) was negatively linked with IUD embedment. There were no differences in age, parity, menopause length, years with an IUD in situ, uterine position, or abortion times between the two groups. There were no differences in existing leiomyoma, prior cervical LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure), or myomectomy between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prior IUD removal failure, V-shaped IUD, and a smaller uterine volume were risk factors for IUD embedment in menopausal women.