Abstract
BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems that deliver fixed amplitudes expose target tissue to varying electrical fields due to the changing lead-to-cord distance accompanying postural shifts and other body movements. Inconsistent stimulation results in periods of overstimulation or under-stimulation perceived by patients as discomfort or potentially inadequate pain relief. CL-SCS may be applied to provide a comfortable level of perception down to imperceptible stimulation, commonly preferred in higher frequency and multiplexed programming. Here we report outcomes from a study evaluating a closed-loop (CL) SCS system that uses spinal evoked compound action potentials to adjust stimulation. METHODS: This ongoing study combines the evaluation of pain-related outcomes (for ≤24 months) with in-clinic randomized, crossover testing of CL performance. RESULTS: Sixty subjects have been implanted with the CL-SCS system, and 54 subjects have completed the 3-month visit. Sixty percent preferred below-perception waveforms for therapy during at-home use. The study successfully met its primary endpoint with 89.3% of subjects in the Primary Analysis Set (n = 28) reporting reduction in overstimulation with CL-SCS relative to OL-SCS at 1 month (P < .001; binomial exact test); at 3 months, 86% of subjects with low-back/leg pain (n = 51); and all 3 with upper limb pain reported ≥50% reduction in pain, relative to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here support the performance of a flexible CL-SCS system that can deliver a variety of waveforms, with amplitude programmed to patient comfort and automatically adjusted up to 50 times per second, to improve the consistency of therapy experience. REGISTRATION: This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT05177354 https://clinicaltrials.gov/search? term=NCT05177354.