Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive (WHO grade IV) primary brain tumor, is refractory to traditional treatments, such as surgery, radiation or chemotherapy. This study aims at aiding in the design of more efficacious GBM therapies. We constructed a mathematical model for glioma and the immune system interactions, that may ensue upon direct intra-tumoral administration of ex vivo activated alloreactive cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes (aCTL). Our model encompasses considerations of the interactive dynamics of aCTL, tumor cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II molecules, as well as cytokines, such as TGF-beta and IFN-gamma, which dampen or increase the pro-inflammatory environment, respectively. Computer simulations were used for model verification and for retrieving putative treatment scenarios. The mathematical model successfully retrieved clinical trial results of efficacious aCTL immunotherapy for recurrent anaplastic oligodendroglioma and anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III). It predicted that cellular adoptive immunotherapy failed in GBM because the administered dose was 20-fold lower than required for therapeutic efficacy. Model analysis suggests that GBM may be eradicated by new dose-intensive strategies, e.g., 3 x 10(8) aCTL every 4 days for small tumor burden, or 2 x 10(9) aCTL, infused every 5 days for larger tumor burden. Further analysis pinpoints crucial bio-markers relating to tumor growth rate, tumor size, and tumor sensitivity to the immune system, whose estimation enables regimen personalization. We propose that adoptive cellular immunotherapy was prematurely abandoned. It may prove efficacious for GBM, if dose intensity is augmented, as prescribed by the mathematical model. Re-initiation of clinical trials, using calculated individualized regimens for grade III-IV malignant glioma, is suggested.