Abstract
Inconsistent hypotheses have proposed Ca(2+) as either being essential or irrelevant and redundant in ABA induced stomatal closure. This study integrates all available information from literature to define ABA signalling pathway and presents it in a systems view for clearer understanding of the role of Ca(2+) in stomatal closure. Importantly, it incorporates into an Asynchronous Boolean model time delays sourced from an extensive literature search. The model predicted the timing of ABA events and mutant behaviour close to biology. It revealed biologically reported timing for Ca(2+) activation and Ca(2+) dynamics consistent with biology. It also predicts that Ca(2+) elevation is not essential in stomatal closure but it can accelerate closure, consistent with previous findings, but our model further explains that acting as a mediator, Ca(2+) accelerates stomatal closure by enhancing plasma membrane slowly activating anion channel SLAC1 and actin rearrangement. It shows statistical significance of Ca(2+) induced acceleration of closure and that of Ca(2+) induced acceleration of SLAC1 activation. Further, the model demonstrates that Ca(2+) enhances resilience of closure to perturbation of important elements; especially, ROS pathway, as did previous ABA model, and even to the ABA signal disruption. It goes further to elucidate the mechanisms by which Ca(2+) engenders stomatal closure in these perturbations.