Conclusion
The result of this study showed the potential of PBMT and A. muciniphila for modulating inflammatory responses and MQs polarization. This may open new perspectives to find possible therapeutic targets for celiac diseases.
Methods
The human monocyte cell line (THP-1) was differentiated to MQs. MQs were stimulated with 200 μg/mL gliadin for 24 hours and then treated with PBM 810 nm alone and in combination with A. muciniphila for the following 24 hours to evaluate their effects on MQs polarization. THP-1 derived MQs were also treated with PBM and A. muciniphila to evaluate their effects on non-stimulated MQs. CD11b, CD80, and CD206 levels were evaluated by using the flow cytometry technique. Moreover, the expression of some M1 and M2-related cytokines was determined.
Results
PBM therapy of gliadin-stimulated MQs decreased IL-6 and increased TGF-β, IL-10 and TNF-α expression compared with gliadin exposed MQs. PBM along with A. muciniphila treatment induced IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 expression in MQs in comparison to the untreated group. It also elevated TGF-β, IL-10 and TNF-α levels in gliadin-triggered MQs in comparison to gliadin-stimulated MQ cells.