Abstract
Research on integrating Indigenous and Western knowledge systems for disaster risk reduction is increasing, particularly in South African communities where flooding is a significant issue. An integrated approach combining these knowledge systems within flood early warning systems could enhance community preparedness and risk reduction strategies. However, a lack of thorough studies on this topic in Alice Town creates a gap in guidance for local governments. The absence of models for collaboration between local governments and communities further exacerbates this gap. This paper utilised an integrative Indigenous qualitative research methodology to generate data through community conversations, interviews with local authorities and policy analysis. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Findings revealed that although Indigenous and Western early warnings are different, they are similar and should be integrated. So, a Collaborative Integrated Hybrid Flood Risk Reduction Model (CIHFRRM) was developed to guide the integration process for better early flood warning and align with the National Development Plan's goal of enhancing local government's responsiveness and sustainability. The study concludes that an Indigenous knowledge-based (IKS)-based integrated approach could provide new proactive opportunities for dealing with floods, thus increasing communities' capacity to predict, monitor and be prepared to reduce damage or address potential threats of floods. CONTRIBUTION: The study further recommends that the proposed model can be applied to other municipalities' disaster plans in South Africa.