Analysis of the expression patterns of AVP, IGF-1, and TNF-α, APP, CD44, IFN-β IFN A β-6, α-syn, and NFL and CLU genes in generalized and focal seizures

The conclusions drawn from these findings represented that this is the first study to highlight the distinctive gene patterns of both focal and generalized seizures, implying that peripheral blood can serve as a diagnostic source to distinguish between these seizures types, aiding in the accurate classification of epilepsy. The findings from this study indicate a promising direction for investigating more targeted pharmacological interventions directed to address the distinct needs of both focal and generalized epilepsy, which offers advancements in treatment strategies for distinctive seizure types.

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the peripheral blood of epilepsy patients (n = 100) and a control group (n = 51) to determine the differential gene expression. Our analysis involved a range of statistical approaches, including correlation analysis to establish the association between clinical indicators and gene dysregulation, and principal component analysis to highlight distinct disease group from control group. Furthermore, we developed diagnostic models using logistic regression to aid in the accurate diagnosis of epilepsy.

The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between clinical indicators and gene dysregulation in different types of epilepsy, while also seeking to identify a diagnostic model capable of distinguishing between focal and generalized seizures. This highlights the critical importance of understanding clinical indicators and gene dysregulation for targeted therapeutic interventions to effectively address the specific seizure types effectively. Materials and

Among several selected genes in this study such as AVP (AUC = 0.832, p < 0.0001), IGF-1 (AUC = 0.658, p = 0.0015), TNF-α (AUC = 0.8970, p < 0.0001), APP (AUC = 0.742, p < 0.0001), CD44 (AUC = 0.614, p = 0.021) and NfL (AUC = 0.937, p < 0.0001), and CLU (AUC = 0.923, p < 0.0001) have shown the outstanding discrimination. In addition to this, when all genes were included in the model, the overall diagnostic power increased significantly (AUC = 0.9968). A differential diagnostic model for focal and generalized seizures was established which discloses AUC = 0.7027, (95 % CL, 0.5765 to 0.8289, p = 0.0019).