Abstract
Within most tissues, the extracellular microenvironment provides mechanical cues that guide cell fate and function. Changes in the extracellular matrix such as aberrant deposition, densification and increased crosslinking are hallmarks of late-stage fibrotic diseases that often lead to organ dysfunction. Biomaterials have been widely used to mimic the mechanical properties of the fibrotic matrix and study cell function. However, the initiation of fibrosis has largely been overlooked, due to the challenges in recapitulating early fibrotic lesions within the native extracellular microenvironment. Using visible light mediated photochemistry, we induced local crosslinking and stiffening of extracellular matrix proteins within ex vivo murine and human tissue. In ex vivo lung tissue of epithelial cell lineage-traced mice, local matrix crosslinking mimicked early fibrotic lesions that increased alveolar epithelial cell spreading, differentiation and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, inhibition of cytoskeletal tension or integrin engagement reduced epithelial cell spreading and differentiation, resulting in alveolar epithelial cell dedifferentiation and reduced extracellular matrix deposition. Our findings emphasize the role of local extracellular matrix crosslinking and remodeling in early-stage tissue fibrosis and have implications for ex vivo disease modeling and applications to other tissues.