Abstract
Antioxidants play a critical role in the treatment of degenerative diseases and delaying the aging of dermal tissue. Caffeic acid (CA) is a representative example of the antioxidants found in plants. However, CA is unsuitable for long-term storage because of its poor stability under ambient conditions. Caffeoyl-Pro-His-NH(2) (CA-Pro-His-NH(2), CA-PH) exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity among the histidine-containing CA-conjugated dipeptides reported to date. The addition of short peptides to CA, such as Pro-His, is assumed to synergistically enhance its antioxidative activity. In this study, several caffeoyl-prolyl-histidyl-Xaa-NH(2) derivatives were synthesized and their antioxidative activities evaluated. CA-Pro-His-Asn-NH(2) showed enhanced antioxidative activity and higher structural stability than CA-PH, even after long-term storage. CA-Pro-His-Asn-NH(2) was stable for 3 months, its stability being evaluated by observing the changes in its NMR spectra. Moreover, the solid-phase synthetic strategy used to prepare these CA-Pro-His-Xaa-NH(2) derivatives was optimized for large-scale production. We envision that CA-Pro-His-Xaa-NH(2) derivatives can be used as potent dermal therapeutic agents and useful cosmetic ingredients.