Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ultrasound molecular imaging was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of antioxidant therapy with EUK-207, which has superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, on suppressing high-risk atherosclerotic features. METHODS: Mice with age-dependent atherosclerosis produced by deletion of the low-density lipoprotein receptor and Apobec-1 were studied at 20 and 40 weeks of age. EUK-207 or vehicle was administered for the preceding 8 weeks. Therapy for 28 weeks was also studied for 40-week-old mice. Ultrasound molecular imaging of the thoracic aorta was performed with contrast agents targeted to endothelial P-selectin, von Willebrand factor A1-domain, and platelet glycoprotein Ibα or control agent. Aortic plaque area and macrophage content were assessed by histology. RESULTS: In 20-week-old double-knockout mice, EUK-207 compared with sham therapy produced only nonsignificant trends for reduction in molecular imaging signal for endothelial P-selectin, von Willebrand factor A1-domain, and platelet adhesion. At 40 weeks, EUK-207 given for 8 or 28 weeks significantly (P < .05) reduced signal for all three endothelial-associated events essentially to background levels, with the exception of glycoprotein Ibα signal after 8 weeks (P = .06). On aortic histology, EUK-207 therapy for 8 weeks did not affect plaque area or macrophage content at either age. However, EUK-207 for 28 weeks almost completely suppressed plaque development (350 ± 258 vs 4 ± 6 × 10(3) μm(2), P = .014) and macrophage content (136 ± 103 vs 3 ± 2 × 10(3) μm(2), P = .002) compared with control mice at 40 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular imaging can be used to assess vascular responses to antioxidants and has demonstrated that certain antioxidants reduce vascular endothelial activation and platelet adhesion, but reductions in plaque size and macrophage content occurs only with long-duration therapy that is started early.