Abstract
The imbalance between the generation of free radicals and the body's capacity to counteract their damaging effects on proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids is known as oxidative stress. Since it is essential for controlling many biological functions, this imbalance is intimately associated with the development and course of many diseases. In this study, we first outlined the submechanisms of oxidative stress, concentrating on the antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species. We also discussed common detection methods that can be beneficial for both clinical and scientific purposes. We examined prevalent diseases such as cardiovascular issues, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders to highlight the significant impact of oxidative stress. Additionally, we provided a list of common antioxidants to assist in clinical treatment and further exploration of underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicate that the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress have been more thoroughly investigated, underscoring its scientific and clinical importance in understanding disease development and potential interventions. We propose that ongoing, in-depth research centered on oxidative stress could offer new insights for clinical interventions and mechanism exploration.