Abstract
Limited research has been conducted on the contributions of local and nonlocal emission sources to ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and ozone (O(3)) and their associated mortality. In this study, we estimated the total mortality resulting from long-term PM(2.5) and O(3) exposures in California in 2012 using multiple concentration response functions (CRFs) and attributed the estimated mortality to different emission groups. The point estimates of PM(2.5)-associated mortality in California ranged from 12,700 to 26,700, of which 53% were attributable to in-state anthropogenic emissions. Based on new epidemiological evidence, we estimated that O(3) could be associated with up to 13,700 deaths from diseases of both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in California. In addition, 75% of the ambient O(3) in California was due to distant emissions outside the western United States, leading to 92% of the O(3)-associated mortality. Overall, distant emissions lead to greater mortality burdens of air pollution in California than local anthropogenic emissions.