Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols, which are emitted from biomass burning, significantly contribute to the Earth's radiation balance. Radiative forcing caused by biomass burning has been poorly qualified, which is largely attributed to uncertain absorption enhancement values (E(abs)) of black carbon (BC) aerosols. Laboratory measurements and theoretical modelling indicate a significant value of E(abs); but this enhancement is observed to be negligible in the ambient environment, implying that models may overestimate global warming due to BC. Here, we present an aggregate model integrating BC aerosol ensembles with different morphologies and mixing states and report a quantitative analysis of the BC E(abs) from different combustion states during biomass burning. We show that the BC E(abs) produced by flaming combustion may be up to two times more than those produced by smouldering combustion, suggesting that the particle morphology and mixing state of freshly emitted BC aerosols is an important source of the contrasting values of E(abs). The particle morphology of freshly emitted BC aerosols is widely assumed to be bare in models, which is rare in the ambient environment and leads to small estimates of E(abs) by field observations. We conclude that the exact description of freshly emitted carbonaceous aerosols plays an important role in constraining aerosol radiative forcing.