Abstract
The oxygen exchange activity of mixed conducting oxide surfaces has been widely investigated, but a detailed understanding of the corresponding reaction mechanisms and the rate-limiting steps is largely still missing. Combined in situ investigation of electrochemically polarized model electrode surfaces under realistic temperature and pressure conditions by near-ambient pressure (NAP) XPS and impedance spectroscopy enables very surface-sensitive chemical analysis and may detect species that are involved in the rate-limiting step. In the present study, acceptor-doped perovskite-type La(0.6)Sr(0.4)CoO(3-δ) (LSC), La(0.6)Sr(0.4)FeO(3-δ) (LSF), and SrTi(0.7)Fe(0.3)O(3-δ) (STF) thin film model electrodes were investigated under well-defined electrochemical polarization as cathodes in oxidizing (O(2)) and as anodes in reducing (H(2)/H(2)O) atmospheres. In oxidizing atmosphere all materials exhibit additional surface species of strontium and oxygen. The polaron-type electronic conduction mechanism of LSF and STF and the metal-like mechanism of LSC are reflected by distinct differences in the valence band spectra. Switching between oxidizing and reducing atmosphere as well as electrochemical polarization cause reversible shifts in the measured binding energy. This can be correlated to a Fermi level shift due to variations in the chemical potential of oxygen. Changes of oxidation states were detected on Fe, which appears as Fe(III) in oxidizing atmosphere and as mixed Fe(II/III) in H(2)/H(2)O. Cathodic polarization in reducing atmosphere leads to the reversible formation of a catalytically active Fe(0) phase.