Abstract
Nanobubbles are studied for their unique properties and possible applications in wound healing processes. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen (H₂), oxygen (O₂), and ozone (O₃) nanobubbles on fibroblast migration and proliferation using in vitro scratch wound healing assays. Fibroblast cells were treated with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) combined with nanobubble solutions, and cell density was measured at 24 and 48 hours. While no significant difference was observed at 24 hours (p=0.52), ozone nanobubbles significantly reduced cell density at 48 hours (p=0.005), indicating cytotoxic effects. Hydrogen and oxygen nanobubble treatments did not show statistically significant differences from the control. These results highlight the cytotoxic effects of ozone nanobubbles on fibroblasts, which may impact their potential application in wound healing. While the study shows the cytotoxic effects of ozone nanobubbles, in vivo wound healing and antimicrobial impacts remain unexplored and warrant further study.