Abstract
BACKGROUND: Polyamines, including spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM) and putrescine (PUT), are essential for cellular physiology and various cellular processes. This study aimed to examine the associations of dietary polyamines intake and all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 184,732 participants without CVD at baseline from the UK Biobank who had completed at least one dietary questionnaire. Diet was assessed using Oxford WebQ, a web-based 24 h recall questionnaire, with polyamines intakes estimated from previous studies. Cox proportional models with restricted cubic splines were employed to investigate nonlinear associations. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality or incident CVD (including CVD death, coronary heart disease and stroke). RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 11.5 years, 7348 (3.9%) participants died and 12,316 (6.5%) developed incident CVD. Polyamines intake showed nonlinear associations with all-cause mortality and incident CVD (P for nonlinear < 0.01). Compared to the lowest quintile group of dietary polyamines intake (≤17.4 mg/day), the quintile 2 to 5 groups demonstrated a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, with the lowest risk in quintile 2 group (>17.4-22.3 mg/day) (HR:0.82, 95% CI: 0.76-0.88). Similar results were observed for incident CVD, with the lowest risk in the quintile 4 group (>27.1-33.5 mg/day) (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: We found that dietary polyamines intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality or incident CVD. Furthermore, our study identified an optimal range of dietary polyamines intake.