Abstract
BACKGROUND: During development, planes of cells give rise to complex tissues and organs. The proper functioning of these tissues is critically dependent on proper inter- and intra-cellular spatial orientation, a feature known as planar cell polarity (PCP). To study the genetic and environmental factors affecting planar cell polarity investigators must often manually measure cell orientations, which is a time-consuming endeavor. METHODOLOGY: To automate cell counting and planar cell polarity data collection we developed a Fiji/ImageJ plug-in called PCP Auto Count (PCPA). PCPA analyzes binary images and identifies "chunks" of white pixels that contain "caves" of infiltrated black pixels. Inner ear sensory epithelia including cochleae (P4) and utricles (E17.5) from mice were immunostained for βII-spectrin and imaged on a confocal microscope. Images were preprocessed using existing Fiji functionality to enhance contrast, make binary, and reduce noise. An investigator rated PCPA cochlear angle measurements for accuracy using a 1-5 agreement scale. For utricle samples, we directly compared PCPA derived measurements against manually derived angle measurements using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Finally, PCPA was tested against a variety of images copied from publications examining PCP in various tissues and across various species. RESULTS: PCPA was able to recognize and count 99.81% of cochlear hair cells (n = 1,1541 hair cells) in a sample set, and was able to obtain ideally accurate planar cell polarity measurements for over 96% of hair cells. When allowing for a <10° deviation from "perfect" measurements, PCPA's accuracy increased to >98%. When manual angle measurements for E17.5 utricles were compared, PCPA's measurements fell within -9 to +10 degrees of manually obtained mean angle measures with a CCC of 0.999. Qualitative examination of example images of Drosophila ommatidia, mouse ependymal cells, and mouse radial progenitors revealed a high level of accuracy for PCPA across a variety of stains, tissue types, and species. Altogether, the data suggest that the PCPA plug-in suite is a robust and accurate tool for the automated collection of cell counts and PCP angle measurements.