Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that GH likely serves a modulatory role in the metabolism of inflammatory macrophages and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages should be considered as a new target to intervene in inflammatory diseases.
Methods
Here we use biochemical analysis, correlative cryogenic fluorescence microscopy and cryo-focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy.
Results
We demonstrate that growth hormone (GH) reprograms inflammatory GM-CSF-primed monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ) by functioning as a metabolic modulator. We found that exogenous treatment of GM-MØ with recombinant human GH reduced glycolysis and lactate production to levels similar to those found in anti-inflammatory M-MØ. Moreover, GH treatment of GM-MØ augmented mitochondrial volume and altered mitochondrial dynamics, including the remodeling of the inner membrane to increase the density of cristae. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that GH likely serves a modulatory role in the metabolism of inflammatory macrophages and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages should be considered as a new target to intervene in inflammatory diseases.