Abstract
BACKGROUND: The transition from methamphetamine (MA) casual use (MCU) to compulsive use is enigmatic as some MA users can remain in casual use, but some cannot. There is a knowledge gap if gut microbiota (GM) play a role in differing MCU from MA use disorder (MUD). We aimed to investigate the clinical features and GM differences between individuals with MCU and MUD. METHOD: We recruited two groups of MA users -MCU and MUD - and matched them according to age and body mass index (n=21 in each group). Participants were accessed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism, and their fecal samples were undergone 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. We compared the hosts' clinical features and GM diversity, composition, and structure (represented by enterotypes) between the two groups. We have identified differential microbes between the two groups and performed network analyses connecting GM and the clinical traits. RESULT: Compared with the casual users, individuals with MUD had higher incidences of MA-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., paranoia, depression) and withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue, drowsiness, and increased appetite), as well as stronger cravings for and intentions to use MA, and increased MA tolerance. The GM diversity showed no significant differences between the two groups, but four genera (Halomonas, Clostridium, Devosia, and Dorea) were enriched in the individuals with MUD (p<0.05). Three distinct enterotypes were identified in all MA users, and Ruminococcus-driven enterotype 2 was dominant in individuals with MUD compared to the MCU (61.90% vs. 28.60%, p=0.03). Network analysis shows that Devosia is the hub genus (hub index = 0.75), which is not only related to the counts of the MUD diagnostic criteria (ρ=0.40; p=0.01) but also to the clinical features of MA users such as reduced social activities (ρ=0.54; p<0.01). Devosia is also associated with the increased intention to use MA (ρ=0.48; p<0.01), increased MA tolerance (ρ=0.38; p=0.01), craving for MA (ρ=0.37; p=0.01), and MA-induced withdrawal symptoms (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that Ruminococcus-driven enterotype 2 and the genera Devosia might be two influential factors that differentiate MA casual use from MUD, but further studies are warranted.