Abstract
BACKGROUND: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often experience language difficulties that hinder their ability to acquire emotional competence. Poor emotional competence is associated with emotional and behavioral problems in young children. OBJECTIVE: This research involved two studies focusing on (1) the emotional competence of Mandarin-speaking children aged 5 to 7 years with DLD and (2) the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of a tele-intervention designed to enhance their emotional competence in Taiwan. METHODS: Five children with DLD from study 1 declined to participate in study 2, the emotional competence tele-intervention, and were excluded from the analysis. We compared the emotional competence of 20 Mandarin-speaking children with DLD to that of 24 children with typical language development (TLD). The children with DLD were, on average, aged 5.79 (SD 0.47) years, whereas the children with TLD were, on average, aged 5.93 (SD 0.31) years. We assessed the children's emotional competence, nonverbal ability, verbal comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and expressive language skills. In study 2, all children with DLD included in study 1 engaged in an emotional competence tele-intervention. An interrupted time-series design was used to examine their emotional competence. In total, 20 children with DLD provided data on emotional competence evaluated using the Emotional Lexicon Test. These data were individually collected at 3 time points after study 1 (time 1). These phases included baseline (time 1 to time 2), during the tele-intervention (time 2 to time 3), and follow-up (time 3 to time 4), spanning approximately 18 to 20 weeks from time 1 to time 4. Recruitment, retention, and attendance rates were calculated to evaluate the intervention's feasibility, and participant mood was evaluated after each session to calculate the intervention's acceptability. RESULTS: No significant changes in the children's ability to understand basic or complex emotional terms were observed during the baseline period. However, changes were observed during the tele-intervention period, and these changes remained throughout the follow-up period. With a recruitment rate of 80% (20/25), all participants completed 4 intervention sessions, with retention and attendance rates exceeding 95% (19/20). A total of 90% (18/20) of the participants deemed each session to be acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Mandarin-speaking children aged 5 to 7 years with DLD exhibited lower emotional competence compared with their counterparts with TLD. Tele-interventions are effective in enhancing the emotional competence of children with DLD, demonstrating feasibility and acceptability for these children and their parents in Taiwan.