Abstract
The clinical and molecular implications of DNA methylation alterations remain unclear among the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs) without glioma-CpGs island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP); integrative multi-level molecular profiling may provide useful information. Independent cohorts of non-G-CIMP GBMs or IDH wild type (wt) lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) from local and public databases with DNA methylation and gene expression microarray data were included for discovery and validation of a multimarker signature, combined using a RISK score model. Bioinformatic and in vitro functional analyses were employed for biological validation. Using a strict multistep selection approach, we identified eight CpGs, each of which was significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) of non-G-CIMP GBMs, independent of age, the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation status, treatments and other identified CpGs. An epigenetic RISK signature of the 8 CpGs was developed and validated to robustly and independently prognosticate prognosis in different cohorts of not only non-G-GIMP GBMs, but also IDHwt LGGs. It also showed good discriminating value in stratified cohorts by current clinical and molecular factors. Bioinformatic analysis revealed consistent correlation of the epigenetic signature to distinct immune-relevant transcriptional profiles of GBM bulks. Functional experiments showed that S100A2 appeared to be epigenetically regulated by one identified CpG and was associated with GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and immunosuppression. The prognostic 8-CpGs RISK score signature may be of promising value for refining current glioma risk classification, and its potential links to distinct immune phenotypes make it a promising biomarker candidate for predicting response to anti-glioma immunotherapy.