Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with systemic vasodilation and decreased vascular contraction, partly due to increased release of endothelium-derived vasodilator substances. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor acting via endothelin receptor type A (ETA R) and possibly type B (ETB R) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), with additional vasodilator effects via endothelial ETB R. However, the role of ET-1 receptor subtypes in the regulation of vascular function during pregnancy is unclear. We investigated whether the decreased vascular contraction during pregnancy reflects changes in the expression/activity of ETAR and ETBR. Contraction was measured in single aortic VSMCs isolated from virgin, mid-pregnant (mid-Preg, day 12), and late-Preg (day 19) Sprague-Dawley rats, and the mRNA expression, protein amount, tissue and cellular distribution of ETAR and ETBR were examined using RT-PCR, Western blots, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Phenylephrine (Phe, 10(-5) M), KCl (51 mM), and ET-1 (10(-6) M) caused VSMC contraction that was in late-Preg < mid-Preg and virgin rats. In VSMCs treated with ETB R antagonist BQ788, ET-1 caused significant contraction that was still in late-Preg < mid-Preg and virgin rats. In VSMCs treated with the ETAR antagonist BQ123, ET-1 caused a small contraction; and the ETBR agonists IRL-1620 and sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) caused similar contraction that was in late-Preg < mid-Preg and virgin rats. RT-PCR revealed similar ETAR, but greater ETBR mRNA expression in pregnant versus virgin rats. Western blots revealed similar ETAR, and greater protein amount of ETBR in endothelium-intact vessels, but reduced ETBR in endothelium-denuded vessels of pregnant versus virgin rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed prominent ETBR staining in the intima, but reduced ETAR and ETBR in the aortic media of pregnant rats. Immunofluorescence signal for ETAR and ETBR was less in VSMCs of pregnant versus virgin rats. The pregnancy-associated decrease in ETAR- and ETBR-mediated VSMC contraction appears to involve downregulation of ETAR and ETBR expression/activity in VSM, and may play a role in the adaptive vasodilation during pregnancy.