Abstract
This review provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular biology and therapeutic advances regarding papillary craniopharyngiomas (PCP), with a particular focus on the pivotal role of the BRAF V600E mutation in its pathogenesis. Histopathologically, PCPs are characterized by stratified squamous epithelium and are frequently associated with the BRAF V600E mutation. This mutation activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which drives tumor development and progression. The identification of this pathway has led to significant progress in targeted therapies, specifically with the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in clinical trials. These inhibitors can effectively reduce tumor size and improve clinical outcomes for patients. However, despite these advancements, there are challenges such as the potential for resistance to these therapies and the management of long-term side effects. Consequently, a multidisciplinary approach that combines surgical resection, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy is often recommended to enhance treatment efficacy although minimizing adverse effects. In addition to adult cases, this review also addresses rare instances of pediatric PCP. Although these cases are infrequent, their molecular characteristics closely resemble those of adult PCP, suggesting that similar therapeutic approaches might be applicable. Looking ahead, future research should focus on optimizing treatment regimens, understanding the interactions within the tumor's immune microenvironment, and identifying novel therapeutic targets. These efforts are crucial for enhancing precision medicine strategies for PCP patients, ultimately improving their quality of life and long-term prognosis. Overall, continued exploration in this field holds promise for more effective and tailored treatment options.