Abstract
Phytomedicines are potential immunity-boosting components with effective anticystic properties, minimal side effects, and biomedical applications, making them valuable for combating various diseases. India is renowned globally for Ayurveda, an ancient treatment methodology known for its holistic approach in identifying the root cause of diseases. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is a common household medicine in India. While essential oils from plants like Tulsi have long been recognized for their medicinal properties, there is a gap in understanding their potential in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their efficacy against breast carcinoma, particularly in the context of immunosuppressive conditions. We investigated the potential application of essential oils isolated from O. sanctum in the synthesis of AuNPs and their efficacy against MCF-7 breast carcinoma. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy identified compounds with potential anticancer effects against breast cancer cells. Synthesised AuNPs displayed high hemocompatibility and antimicrobial activity against nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus subtilis strains. Os-AuNPs induced chromosomal instability and mitotic arrest in the G2/M cell cycle phase. Subsequent fluorescence and cell cytometry studies demonstrated the systemic release of ROS, depolarisation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and production of apoptotic bodies. DNA damage and comet assays confirmed the anticancer potential of synthesised AuNPs. This study illuminates the potential of O. sanctum-derived AuNPs in breast carcinoma treatment, paving the way for future AuNP-based therapies in biomedicine.