Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D and calcium-rich foods, exposure to sunlight, and physical activities (PA) play a pivotal role in promoting the production of sufficient vitamin D and improving grip strength needed for better bone health among school children. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effects of hand grip muscle strength (HGS), vitamin D in addition to diets, and PA on bone health status among 6-12 years old schoolchildren. METHODS: This study was based on a cross-sectional observational design, which was descriptive in nature. A diverse sample of 560 elementary school children aged 6-12 years old were invited to participate in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), QUS technique, and ACTi graph GT1M accelerometer were used respectively as a valid tools to identify BMD, BMC, and other parameters of bone health like c-BUA values and bone stiffness (SI), and physical activity (PA) of all individuals participated in this study. In addition, a hydraulic dynamometer was used to measure hand grip strength among the participants. Moreover, an immunoassay technique was used to measure the serum levels of vitamin 25(OH)D level, and bone metabolism markers; NTX, DPD, Ca, and sBAP in all participants. Bone loss (osteoporosis) was cross-sectionally predicted in 19.64% of the total population, most of whom were girls (14.3% vs. 5.4% for boys; P = 0.01). Compared to boys, the incidence of osteoporosis was higher and significantly correlated in girls with lower HGS, deficient vitamin D, inadequate vitamin D and Ca intake, greater adiposity, poor PA, and lower sun exposure. Also, in girls, lower vitamin 25(OH)D levels, and poor HGS were shown to be significantly associated with lower values of BMD, BMC, SI, and higher values of bone resorption markers; NTX, DPD, and sBAP and lower serum Ca than do in boys. The findings suggested that deficient vitamin D, lower HGS, adiposity, PA, and sun exposure as related risk factors to the pravelence of bone loss among school children, particularly in girls. In addition, these parameters might be considered diagnostic non-invasive predictors of bone health for clinical use in epidemiological contexts; however, more studies are required.