Abstract
The toxicity of lunar dust (LD) to astronauts' health has been confirmed in the Apollo missions and subsequent biological experiments. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biological toxicity of lunar dust for future human missions to the Moon. In this study, we exposed human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and peripheral blood B lymphocytes (AHH-1) to varying concentrations (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 μg/ml) of a lunar dust simulant (LDS) called CLDS-i for 24 and 48 h. The results provided the following key findings: (1) LDS induction of cell damage occurred through oxidative stress, with the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BEAS-2B cells being dependent on the duration of exposure. (2) Necrosis and early apoptosis were observed in BEAS-2B cells and AHH-1 cells, respectively. In addition, both cells showed lysosomal damage. (3) Genes CXCL1, SPP1, CSF2, MMP1, and POSTN are implicated in immune response and cytoskeletal arrangement regulation in BEAS-2B cells. Considering the similarities in composition and properties between CLDS-i and real lunar dust, our findings not only enhance the understanding of LDS toxicity, but also contribute to a better comprehension of the genomic alterations and molecular mechanisms underlying cellular toxicity induced by LD. These insights will contribute to the development of a biotoxicology framework aimed at safeguarding the health of astronauts and, consequently, facilitating future human missions to the Moon.