Visceral Leishmaniasis treated with antimonials/paromomycin followed by itraconazole/miltefosine after standard therapy failures in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient

Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic infection that affects human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in leishmaniasis-endemic areas. The standard treatment may not be effective and relapses are common. We report the case of a human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patient who had several relapses of visceral leishmaniasis after treatment with standard therapies and responded to a combined therapy.