Abstract
Cadmium exposure causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and accumulation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), an ER stress marker. To elucidate the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in this process, we examined the effects of PI3K signaling on cadmium chloride (CdCl2) exposure-induced ATF4 expression in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells. ATF4 knockdown by siRNA enhanced CdCl2-induced cellular damage, indicating a cytoprotective function of ATF4. Treatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, suppressed CdCl2-induced ATF4 expression and Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 with little effect on phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α at Ser51. Activation of PI3K signaling with epidermal growth factor treatment enhanced CdCl2-induced Akt phosphorylation and ATF4 expression. Suppression of CdCl2-induced ATF4 expression by LY294002 treatment was markedly blocked by cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor, but not by MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, or actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor. CdCl2 exposure also induced phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at Ser2448, glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α) at Ser21, GSK-3β at Ser9, and 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) at Ser227 in HK-2 cells. Treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, MK2206, an Akt inhibitor, and BI-D1870, a RSK inhibitor, partially suppressed CdCl2-induced ATF4 expression. Conversely, SB216763, a GSK-3 inhibitor, markedly inhibited the potency of LY294002 to suppress CdCl2-induced ATF4 expression. These results suggest that PI3K signaling diversely regulates the expression of ATF4 in a translation-dependent manner via downstream molecules, including mTOR, GSK-3α/β, and RSK2, and plays a role in protecting HK-2 cells from cadmium-induced damage.