Abstract
Introduction: Accurate and precise analysis of cannabinoids is important for elucidating their therapeutic potential and developing therapies, which are targeted toward different medical conditions. A wide range of cannabis products are present on the market and are available in different dosage forms, including dried flowers, extracts, and consumables. The aim of this article is to provide an updated narrative review of literature on challenges of analyzing cannabinoids in plant material, oils, and edibles. Method: Literature search was conducted to identify sample preparation and analytical techniques for determination of cannabinoids in plant material, oils, and edibles and associated challenges. Results: Challenges related to determination of cannabinoids in plant material include matrix complexity, co-extraction of unwanted compounds during sample preparation, and differences in matrix composition between calibration standards and sample extracts. During analysis of cannabinoids in oil, the unique properties of carrier oils need to be taken into consideration. Analysis of cannabinoids in edibles can be considered to be challenging due to the wide range of matrix types that are available on the market, rendering analysis resource-intensive, time-consuming, and impractical. Discussion: Analysis of cannabinoids in plant material, oils, and edibles requires a multifaceted approach that includes regulatory guidance, method development, and technological innovation. In the face of an evolving analytical landscape where novel cannabinoids are being identified and require determination, there is a need for the development and validation of standardized accurate and precise analytical methods, which are specifically tailored for each matrix.