Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, leading to endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and dysregulated lipid metabolism contribute to endothelial cell (EC) injury, promoting plaque formation and increasing cardiovascular disease risk. Current lipid-lowering therapies have limited effectiveness in restoring endothelial function, highlighting the need for novel strategies. Mitochondrial uncoupling has emerged as a promising approach, with BAM15-a newly identified mitochondrial uncoupler-showing potential therapeutic benefits. BAM15 enhances fatty acid oxidation (FAO), reduces reactive oxygen species, and protects ECs from hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis. Unlike conventional uncouplers, BAM15 demonstrates improved tolerability and efficacy without severe off-target effects. It restores mitochondrial function, improves endothelial survival, and supports metabolic homeostasis under hyperglycemic conditions. This review uniquely integrates emerging evidence on mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial metabolism, and FAO to highlight the novel role of BAM15 in restoring vascular function in diabetes. We provide the first focused synthesis of BAM15's mechanistic impact on EC bioenergetics and position it within the broader landscape of mitochondrial-targeted therapies for diabetic vascular complications. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism through which BAM15 modulates EC metabolism and to evaluate its long-term vascular effects in diabetic models.