Abstract
Natural bioactive compounds play an important role in regulating inflammatory processes and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In view of the growing interest in their therapeutic properties, particularly in the treatment of chronic inflammation, cancer, and related diseases, this study reviews the molecular mechanisms of action of selected groups of compounds, namely polyphenols and carotenoids. The analysis is based on current scientific literature and evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies, with particular attention being paid to their effects on the NF-κB, STAT3, and MAPK regulatory pathways, as well as their role in modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. These findings indicate that bioactive compounds represent a promising group of substances with a broad spectrum of biological activity. Nevertheless, their potential in combination therapy and in preventive strategies against cancer and inflammation requires further clinical investigation to clarify their bioavailability, safety, and therapeutic effectiveness.