Abstract
Celtis africana, a rare plant native to southwestern Saudi Arabia, was explored for the first time as a source for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Catechol-bearing phenolic amides in the aqueous leaf extract acted as both reducing and capping agents, enabling eco-friendly AgNP fabrication. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, and FTIR, revealing predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 9.28 ± 0.11 nm, a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and a pronounced surface plasmon resonance at 424 nm. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of caffeoyltryamine in the extract, while UV-Vis and FTIR indicated its attachment to the AgNP surface. The AgNPs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, MRSA and E. faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa), as well as pathogenic fungi such as C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei with performance comparable to or exceeding that of AgNPs from Artemisia vulgaris, Moringa oleifera, and Nigella sativa. The MIC and MBC values for S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli, and S. typhimurium were consistently 6.25 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL, respectively, reflecting strong inhibitory and bactericidal effects at low concentrations. MTT assays demonstrated selective cytotoxicity, showing higher viability in normal human skin fibroblasts (HSF) than in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The AgNPs also displayed strong antioxidant activity (IC(50) = 5.41 µg/mL, DPPH assay) and efficient catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB), with rate constants of 0.0165 s(-1) and 0.0047 s(-1), respectively, exceeding most reported values. These findings identify Celtis africana as a promising source for eco-friendly AgNPs with strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties for broad biological and environmental applications.