Abstract
Despite some advances in controlling the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) that is refractory to the use of ADT/ARSI, most patients eventually succumb to the disease, and there is a pressing need to understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of CRPC. A common mechanism is the ability to integrate AR signals from vanishing levels of testosterone, with the frequent participation of YAP as a co-activator, and pointing to the deregulation of the Hippo pathway as a major determinant. We have recently shown that YAP is post-transcriptionally activated via the TLK1>NEK1 axis by stabilizing phosphorylation at Y407. We are now solidifying this work by showing the following: (1) The phosphorylation of Y407 is critical for YAP retention/partition in the nuclei, and J54 (TLK1i) reverses this along with YAP-Y407 dephosphorylation. (2) The enhanced degradation of (cytoplasmic) YAP is increased by J54 counteracting its Enzalutamide-induced accumulation. (3) The basis for all these effects, including YAP nuclear retention, can be explained by the stronger association of pYAP-Y407 with its transcriptional co-activators, AR and TEAD1. (4) We demonstrate that ChIP for GFP-YAP-wt, but hardly for the GFP-YAP-Y407F mutant, at the promoters of typical ARE- and TEAD1-driven genes is readily detected but becomes displaced after treatment with J54. (5) While xenografts of LNCaP cells show rapid regression following treatment with ARSI+J54, in the VCaP model, driven by the TMPRSS2-ERG oncogenic translocation, tumors initially respond well to the combination but subsequently recur, despite the continuous suppression of pNek1-T141 and pYAP-Y407. This suggests an alternative parallel pathway for CRPC progression for VCaP tumors in the long term, which may be separate from the observed ENZ-driven YAP deregulation, although clearly some YAP gene targets like PD-L1, that are found to accumulate following prolonged ENZ treatment, are still suppressed by the concomitant addition of J54.