Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation policy in Uganda recommends that ART is initiated on the same day of HIV diagnosis to those who do not have contraindications. We assessed determinants of retention in ART care at the first follow-up (FFU) after same-day ART initiation and retention in long-term care beyond the FFU visit. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal analysis among persons living with HIV aged ≥18 years who initiated ART during April 2016-February 2021 after the inception of Uganda's Test-and-Treat ART policy, which states that 'all individuals diagnosed with HIV should initiate ART regardless of clinical stage CD4 count'. Missing the FFU after ART initiation (missing FFU) was defined as not returning for FFU within 1 month of ART initiation; loss to follow-up long-term (LTFU-LT) was defined as delaying more than 3 months to return for a scheduled ART drug refill after the FFU appointment. LTFU-LT time was defined as the time from the FFU visit date to the last follow-up visit date during the study period. We used log-binomial distributions to estimate unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (adjRRs) of missing FFU, and we used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (adjHRs) for LTFU-LT. RESULTS: Overall, 8332 clients initiated ART on the same day of HIV diagnosis. Most were female (55%), aged 25-34 years (44%), resided in the semi-urban or rural district (41% and 41%, respectively) and had a median age of 25 years (IQR = 24-35). Overall, missing FFU was 15.1%. Increased likelihood/risk of missing FFU was seen in clients who initiated ART at outreach health service centres versus health facilities (adjRRs = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.6-2.0), in younger clients aged 18-24 years and 25-34 years versus ≥45 years [(adjRRs = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0) and (adjRRs = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6), respectively], and clients residing in agrarian districts versus fishing districts (adjRRs = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.1-1.4). Overall, the LTFU-LT rate was 25 clients/100 pys (95% CI = 23.9-25.9) and was associated with younger age (18-34 years versus ≥45 years, adjHRs = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.5-2.1), residence in semi-urban (adjHRs = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.2-1.5) or agrarian district (adjHRs = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.2-1.5) versus fishing-community district. CONCLUSION: Retention-strengthening strategies in tandem with same-day ART initiation efforts for younger clients and clients initiated on ART from mobile and outreach health service settings might improve HIV treatment retention. Best practices for retaining fishing-community clients might improve health outcomes if applied to agrarian and semi-urban communities.