Abstract
The surge of globalisation and the recognition of English as a lingua franca have propelled the worldwide advancement of English as a foreign language (EFL) education. Formative assessment can support the English language teaching and learning in classroom settings. This systematic review critically analyses recent research on formative assessment within K-12 EFL education, underscoring its substantial role in enhancing teaching efficacy and student outcomes. Specifically, it addresses three key aspects: the beliefs, perceptions and literacy of teachers and students regarding formative assessment, the effectiveness of different assessment practices on learners' performance and the contextual challenges in implementing these strategies. A comprehensive analysis of qualitative and quantitative studies reveals that the attitudes of teachers and students considerably influence the effectiveness of formative assessment. Innovative methods, such as technology-assisted and peer assessments, show promise in enhancing learner outcomes. However, the education system and cultural contexts present persistent challenges in implementing formative assessment in EFL classes. The findings highlight the importance of ensuring professional training for educators and raising student awareness regarding the benefits of formative assessment. This study emphasises the need for aligning adaptable assessment practices with diverse educational environments and calls for a closer integration of theoretical and practical approaches in EFL education. Moreover, this review provides valuable insights into formative assessment strategies in EFL learning, offering guidance for educators, policymakers and stakeholders in language education.