Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation plays a crucial role in cellular physiology, as it leads to the formation of membrane-less organelles in response to various internal stimuli, contributing to various cellular functions. However, the influence of exogenous stimuli on this process in the context of disease intervention remains unexplored. In this current investigation, we explore the impact of doxorubicin on the abnormal self-assembly of p53 using a combination of biophysical and imaging techniques. Additionally, we shed light on the potential mechanisms behind chemoresistance in cancer cells carrying mutant p53. Our findings reveal that doxorubicin co-localizes with both wild-type p53 (WTp53) and its mutant variants. Our in vitro experiments indicate that doxorubicin interacts with the N-terminal-deleted form of WTp53 (WTp53ΔNterm), inducing liquid-liquid phase separation, ultimately leading to protein aggregation. Notably, the p53 variants at the R273 position exhibit a propensity for phase separation even in the absence of doxorubicin, highlighting the destabilizing effects of point mutations at this position. The strong interaction between doxorubicin and p53 variants, along with its localization within the protein condensates, provides a potential explanation for the development of chemotherapy resistance. Collectively, our cellular and in vitro studies emphasize the role of exogenous agents in driving phase separation-mediated p53 aggregation.