Abstract
Transportation has the highest dependence on fossil fuels of any sector and accounts for 37% of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions. Maritime transportation is responsible for around 940 million tons of CO(2) and approximately 3% of global emissions annually. The significant increase in shipping activities around the globe has magnified the generation of toxic pollutants. In recent years, shipping emissions have received significant attention in developed countries due to global climate change, while in developing countries, researchers are making enormous efforts to tackle this catastrophic and pressing issue. This study considers Muhammad Bin Qasim Port (MBQP), Karachi, Pakistan as a case study. This study employed an activity-based or bottom-up approach with a standard procedure to estimate the various anthropogenic pollutants emissions including particular matters (PM(10) and PM(2.5)), nitrogen oxide (NO(x)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), CO(2), methane (CH(4)), non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC), and hydrocarbon (HC) under different operational modes, i.e., hoteling, maneuvering, and reduced speed zones. The results indicated that CO(2) was the highest contributor with a proportion of 92%, NO(x) 5%, and SO(2) 1.5% for all three operational modes. Moreover, the results indicated that container ships account for 64% of overall emissions, followed by tankers for 24%. Regarding the monthly trend, the findings revealed that November and December had the highest emission rates, with over 20% of the total emissions recorded. This study's findings will assist stakeholders and policymakers to prioritize maritime emissions in developing countries.