Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylates and thereby regulates a wide range of protein substrates involved in diverse cellular functions. Some GSK3β substrates, such as c-Myc and Snail, are nuclear transcription factors, suggesting the possibility that GSK3β function is controlled through its nuclear localization. Here, using ARPE-19 and MDA-MB-231 human cell lines, we found that inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) leads to partial redistribution of GSK3β from the cytosol to the nucleus and to a GSK3β-dependent reduction of the levels of both c-Myc and Snail. mTORC1 is known to be controlled by metabolic cues, such as by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or amino acid abundance, and we observed here that AMPK activation or amino acid deprivation promotes GSK3β nuclear localization in an mTORC1-dependent manner. GSK3β was detected on several distinct endomembrane compartments, including lysosomes. Consistently, disruption of late endosomes/lysosomes through a perturbation of RAS oncogene family member 7 (Rab7) resulted in loss of GSK3β from lysosomes and in enhanced GSK3β nuclear localization as well as GSK3β-dependent reduction of c-Myc levels. These findings indicate that the nuclear localization and function of GSK3β is suppressed by mTORC1 and suggest a link between metabolic conditions sensed by mTORC1 and GSK3β-dependent regulation of transcriptional networks controlling cellular biomass production.