Abstract
Why cancer is so prevalent among mammals, despite the fact that some species evolved resistance mechanisms, remains an open question. We hypothesized that cancer prevalence and mortality risk might have been fine-tuned by evolution. Using public databases, we show that species with cooperative habits have lower cancer prevalence and mortality risk. By developing a mathematical model, we provide a mechanistic explanation: An oncogenic variant that elicits higher cancer mortality in older and less-reproductive individuals is detrimental to cooperative mammalian societies but can lead to a counterintuitive overcompensation in population size and fitness within competitive contexts. The phenomenon of a population increasing in response to a decrease in its per capita survival rate is called the hydra effect, a process never explored in the field of cancer before. Therefore, cancer can be considered as a selected mechanism of biological obsolescence in competitive species.