Abstract
Multi-robot systems are moving into human spaces, such as working with people in factories (Bacula et al., in: Companion of the 2020 ACM/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction, pp 119-121, 2020) or in emergency support (Wagner in Front Robot AI 8, 2021; Baxter et al., in: Autonomous robots and agents, Springer, pp 9-16, 2007) and it is crucial to consider how robots can communicate with the humans in the space. Our work evaluates a parameter framework to allow multi-robot groups of x, y, θ robots to effectively communicate using expressive motion. While expressive motion has been extensively studied in single robots (Knight et al., in: 2016 IEEE international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), IEEE, 2016; Bacula and LaViers in Int J Soc Robot, 1-16, 2020; Dragan et al., in: 2013 8th ACM/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction (HRI), IEEE, pp 301-308, 2013; Kirby et al., in: The 18th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication, 2009, RO-MAN 2009, IEEE, pp 607-612, 2009), moving to multi-robots creates new challenges as the state space expands and becomes more complex. We evaluate a hierarchical framework of six parameters to generate multi-robot expressive motion consisting of: (1) relative direction, (2) coherence, (3) relative speed, (4) relative start time, (5) proximity, and (6) geometry. We conducted six independent online studies to explore each parameter, finding that four out of six of the parameters had significant impact on people's perception of the multi-robot group. Additional takeaways of our studies clarify what humans interpret as a robot group, when the group is perceived positively versus negatively, and the critical role of architectural floor plan in interpreting robot intent.